Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them. Monteiro C.A., Cannon G., Levy R.B., Moubarac J.-C., Louzada M.L.C., Rauber F., Khandpur N., Cediel G., Neri D., Martinez-Steele E., et al. Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries. Monteiro C.A., Moubarac J.-C., Levy R.B., Canella D.S., da Louzada M.L.C., Cannon G.
Eating context and its association with ultra-processed food consumption by British children. Onita B.M., Azeredo C.M., Jaime P.C., Levy R.B., Rauber F. Coefficients from interaction model given in Supplementary Table S4.
Note: Estimates are adjusted for age, sex, survey year, ethnicity, region, and IMD. Interaction between meal-type and income: (Low # school meal- reference Mid # school meal p = 0.12 High # school meal p = 0.39). Interaction between meal-type and income: (Low # school meal- reference Mid # school meal p = 0.76 High # school meal p = 0.96) ( D) 3D UPF as % kcal in secondary schoolchildren. Interaction between meal type and income: (Low # school meal- reference Mid # school meal p = 0.68 High # school meal p = 0.77) ( C) UPF as % kcal in primary school. Interaction between meal type and income: (Low # school meal-reference Mid # school meal p = 0.08 High # school meal p = 0.01) ( B) UPF as % g in secondary schoolchildren. ( A) UPF as % g in primary schoolchildren. Marginal effects from a quantile regression of ultra-processed food intake at lunch with an interaction between meal type and income group, stratified by school phase. Better guidance and policies that consider levels of industrial processing in food served in schools are needed to ensure the dual benefit of encouraging school meal uptake and equitably improving children's diets.Ĭhild and adolescent nutrition school lunch ultra-processed food. This study highlights the need for a renewed focus on school food. Higher UPF intakes were observed in packed lunch consumers, secondary schoolchildren, and those in lower income households. We showed that on average, UPF intake was high in both primary (72.6% total lunch Kcal) and secondary schoolchildren (77.8% total lunch Kcal). Multivariable quantile regression models determined the association between meal-type (school meal or packed lunch) and lunchtime UPF intake (NOVA food classification system). We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis of primary (4-11 years, n = 1895) and secondary schoolchildren (11-18 years, n = 1408) from the UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2017). This study determined the UPF content of school food in the UK. Schools are posited as a positive setting for impacting dietary intake, but the level of UPFs consumed in schools is currently unknown. British children have the highest levels of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption in Europe.
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